Sunday, March 17, 2019

Franztal 20

Twelve days is far too long to go without blogging, so I will try to make up for the inactivity over the coming days. For now, we bring to a close our series of posts on the 1848 Franztal Gemeindebericht. Only one minor task remains: identifying the Franztal residents who wrote the report. Before we do so, I offer a final version of the translation, updated and polished in places so that it reads reasonably well in English (the German original appears at the end of the post).

In April 1820, fifteen families from the district of Schwetz near Kulm in West Prussia arrived to establish a village among the others. It was considered appropriate by the authorities and a commission chosen for settlement to set up each village for twenty fireplaces [residences] but to cultivate only fifteen of them and to leave the others empty for their descendants. However, in a subsequent review of the plans, it was found that the villages would not get their proper land, so all fireplaces had to be occupied immediately, and one village had to be distributed among the others. So it happened that on 18 May of the same year, eight more families of immigrants from the same district were added to the village.

The steppe, which was given to the immigrants by the high crown and allocated and measured in the villagers’ presence by Johann Cornies, then head of the district [sic] and tenant of the same, was completely empty. Only a few nomads grazed their herds here in the summertime. In order to have the village established in the middle of the plot, the settlers chose a place located in the same depression where the colony Grossweide is located. This depression, however, was quite small and barely noticeable. Finding themselves in [what they took to be] a Prussian lowland, the settlers immediately dug a hole in the ground to find water. But, in fact, they were quite wrong. The deeper they dug, the harder and drier the soil became, until at a depth of 52 feet they stopped the laborious digging and, after six weeks, moved the village site to the River Iushanle. But even here it seemed impossible to reach the water through the hard rock, and water had to be carried from the river. The village was to be arranged in two rows, so discomfort [of carrying water] would be felt especially in the upper row, and there was a great deal of indignation until at last Chief Justice Fadeev appeared to inspect the newly established village and had it arranged in a single row along the river.

In the first year only one dwelling house was finished; the other [settlers] spent the first winter in habitable, furnished sections within stables or in earthen huts, until with the involvement of village head Peter Ratzlaff the full construction of the houses was completed as time and circumstances permitted.

The village is laid out in the direction from northeast to southwest. The Iushanle forms the border between the village and the land of the Tatars; the distance to the opposite border of the village Chernigov [Tscherniowka] is 7 versts. On the northwest side of the village along the lane are the orchards, each of which is a dessiatine in area and is already planted with a considerable number of fine fruit trees. At the end of the orchards rises the tree grove, which offers a lovely sight from the village with its green-leafed trees. On the west the village borders on Grossweide, on the east Pastwa, and it [Franztal] is 60 versts from the district seat Berdyansk. The numerous ancient burial mounds (Mohilen) give the land, one might say, a warty shape. The surface is almost everywhere black soil, in places containing saltpeter, with a layer of gravel and quarry stone, which lies over a Faden deep and in places comes to light. Although the productivity of the land does not equal that of the [land along the] Molochna [River], trees, grains, and food crops thrive here as well. Violent storms often destroy the grain fields in rows.

Initially this village was given the name Pschuchowka, after the former residence of the settlers in Prussia. But since this name was not confirmed as a Polish one by the authorities, Ohm Benjamin Ratzlaff, who is currently elder of the Rudnerweide congregation but who was also one of the founders of this village, proposed the name Franztal, which was known to him from Prussia—everyone agreed.

The first fifteen families of this village formed a single party in their immigration but did not have a leader. Of the others involved, some traveled with the large party whose leader was the now long-deceased elder Ohm Franz Goerz, and some also came to the country in small parties without a leader.

At their request, eighteen families without funds received a crown advance of 10,721 paper rubles. The rest had their own assets totaling 15,260 paper rubles.

Because of the late sowing, only a little millet was harvested in the first year. The following two summers yielded harvests of only three- to fourfold at high grain prices: 1 chetvert [?] rye cost 20 and wheat 24 paper rubles. In the three years that followed, the locusts destroyed blessed crops. The harsh winter of 1825 and the year 1833 with its famine and cattle epidemic are still fresh in the memory of the settlers. As a result of the earthquake on 11 January 1838, at half past ten in the evening, the water in the well has risen significantly. In 1838 the four-field system and fallow land were introduced. In 1845 there was no hay, only sowing of grain. The years 1846 and 1847 were blessed crops, but on 17 June of last year a hailstorm destroyed the whole crop. The storm of 25 December 1847 to 16 January 1848 caused many houses to collapse, whereby the affected families came into great need.

Franztal, 26 April 1848
Mayor Johann Flemming
Assistants: Heinrich Ediger, Andreas Becker
Teacher: Kornelius Siemens

Mayor … Assistants. Schulze was the standard designation for what we would call a mayor; the term Beisitzer (to be brutally literal, the one sitting by) identified the mayor’s assistants. These terms were in use already in Prussia and were carried over into the Mennonites’ Molotschna sojourn. According to Cornelius Krahn,

Every village had an assembly consisting of a Schulze (mayor), two Beisitzer (assistants), and a clerk. The Schulze and Beisitzer were elected by majority vote of the village assembly for a period of two years. Originally only landowners were eligible to vote and to occupy these offices. … The Schulze represented the village in the district assemblies and before higher government officials. He was responsible for the economic and the cultural welfare of the village. It was his duty to bring about peaceable settlement of disputes between the settlers, or, if this was impossible, to impose public work or fines. He was to prohibit the sale of liquor to villagers who were addicted to drunkenness and he was to enforce simplicity of life, i.e., to prevent the outlay of too much money for the household and entertaining visitors too frequently. The “Instructions” of 1800–1801 include a large number of detailed prescriptions which he had to enforce.

Johann Flemming. This is presumably the Johann Flaming listed at Franztal 1 in the 1847 voter list (see here). Unfortunately, this tells us little about who this person was, so we are left to offer a reasonable guess. The 1835 census does not list any Flamings living at Franztal, so we can assume that the 1848 mayor moved there sometime after the date of the census. There was a Flaming family living in Rudnerweide, which was only 2 miles west of Franztal. The father of that family was named Johann, as was his oldest living son. In all likelihood, the 1848 mayor of Franztal was the son Johann, who moved to the village next door when he established his own household. We know little about this person (GM 232386), but he seems the most likely candidate for being the owner of Franztal 1 and the mayor of the village.

Heinrich Ediger. The 1847 voter list lists Heinrich Ediger at Franztal 7, and GRANDMA confirms that this was Heinrich Salomon Ediger (61787). Born in 1811, Heinrich emigrated to Molotschna with his family in 1819. His family settled in Grossweide, less than a mile north of Franztal, and he presumably moved to Franztal sometime after 1835. He died just two years after the writing of the community report, at the age of thirty-nine.

Andreas Becker. This individual, whom the 1847 voter list locates at Franztal 15, is quite likely the son of Johann/Hans Becker, who died in 1813, when Andreas was a year old (GM 32071). His mother, born Ancke Richerts, then married Benjamin Ratzlaff, and they emigrated to Molotschna in 1819 and were among Franztal’s first residents (not landowners). The family, including Andreas, later moved to Rudnerweide, but Andreas moved back to Franztal sometime after the 1835 census.

Kornelius Siemens. The story behind the village teacher is interesting. Kornelius Siemens emigrated to Molotschna in 1817 and settled first in Ohrloff, then transferred to Franztal when it was founded (GM 61663). For the next twenty-seven years he lived at Franztal 16, until he decided to change careers in his early sixties. According to a record of household transfers from circa 1848,

Kornelius Siemens from Franzthal wants to transfer his household to Andreas Pankratz from Gnadenfeld. The 1835 census states that Kornelius Siemens was 51 and his son Cornelius 19. He wants to be a teacher. (see here)

Obviously Kornelius got his wish, since he is identified as the village teacher in the report. I rather doubt that Kornelius had dreamed of being a teacher all his life. More likely, he was tired of farming and viewed teaching as a physically easier way to eke out a living (see Goerz 1993, 34: “the schools in Molotschna were very primitive. There were no professionally trained teachers. The children were taught minimal reading and writing skills and a bit of arithmetic in a haphazard way and by anyone who happened to be available”).

So ends our examination of the 1848 Franztal Gemeindebericht. We know a great deal more than when we began, but there is more about Franztal yet to be learned.


Works Cited

Goerz, Heinrich. 1993. The Molotschna Settlement. Translated by Al Reimer and John B. Toews. Echo Historical Series. Winnipeg, MB: CMBC Publications and Manitoba Mennonite Historical Society.

Krahn, Cornelius. 1956. Government of Mennonites in Russia. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Available online here.

German original

Im April 1820 kamen 15 Familien aus dem Kreise Schwez bei Kulm in Westpreußen hier an, um unter anderen auch diese Kolonie zu gründen. Es wurde von der Obrigkeit und einer zur Ansiedlung gewählten Kommission für zweckmäßig erachtet, jede Kolonie für 20 Feuerstellen einzurichten, aber nur 15 davon zu bebauen und die übrigen für die Nachkommen leer zu lassen. Bei einer kurz darauf erfolgten Revision der Pläne find es sich jedoch, daß die Kolonien nicht ihr gehöriges Land bekommen würden, weshalb alle Feuerstellen sogleich besetzt und eine Kolonie auf die anderen verteilt werden mußten. So kam es, daß am 18. Mai desselben Jahres dieser Kolonie noch 8 aus dem selbigen Kreise eingewanderte Familien beigefügt wurden.

Die Steppe, welche den Einwanderern von der hohen Krone geschenkt und dem damaligen Gebietsvorsteher und Pächter derselben Johann Kornies angewiese und in ihrem Beisein abgemessen wurde, war ganz leer. Nur einige Nomaden weideten hier zur Sommerzeit ihre Herden. Um die zu gründende Kolonie in der Mitte des Planes zu haben, wählten die Ansiedler einen Platz, welcher in der gleichen Vertiefung liegt, wo die Kolonie Großweide sich befindet. Diese Vertiefung war aber hier nur sehr gering und kaum bemerkbar. Sich in einer preußischen Niederung wähnend, gruben die Ansiedler sofort ein Loch in die Erde, um Wasser zu finden. Doch da hatten sie sich sehr getäuscht. Je tiefer sie gruben, desto härter und trockener wurde die Erde, bis sie in einer Tiefe von 8½ Faden das mühsame Graben einstellten und nach sechswöchentlichem Aufenthalt ihre Kolonie an den Fluß Juschanlee verlegten. Aber auch hier schien es unmöglich, durch den harten Fels bis auf's Wasser zu gelangen, und dasselbe mußte aus dem Flusse herbeigeschafft werden. Da das Dorf zweireihig angelegt war, so empfand diese Unbequemlichkeit namentlich die obere Reihe und es entstand lauter Unwille, bis endlich der Oberrichter Fadejew zur Besichtigung der neu angelegten Kolonie erschien und sie dem Fluß entlang einreihig anlegen ließ.

Im ersten Jahr wurde nur ein Wohnhaus fertig, die anderen nahmen den ersten Winter in wohnbar eingerichteten Abteilungen in Ställen oder auch in Erdbuden vorlieb, bis unter tätiger Mitwirkung des damaligen Dorfsvorstehers Peter Ratzlaff der völlige Ausbau der Häuser nach Zeit und Umständen vollendet wurde.

Die Kolonie ist in der Richtung von Nordost nach Südwest angelegt. Der Juschanlee bildet die Grenze zwischen ihrem und dem Lande der Tataren; bis zur entgegengesetzten Grenze am Lande des Dorfes Tschernigow beträgt die Entfernung 7 Werst. An der nordwestlichen Seite der Kolonie der Gasse entlang befinden sich die Obstgärten, welche je eine Dessjatine Flächeninhalt haben und bereits mit einer beträchtlichen Anzahl von edlen Obstbäumen bepflanzt sind. Am Ende der Obstgärten erhebt sich die Gehölzplantage, welche von der Kolonie aus mit ihren grünbelaubten Bäumen einen reizenden Anblick gewährt. Gegen Abend
grenzt die Kolonie an Großweide, gegen Morgen an Pastwa und ist von der Kreisstadt Berdjansk 60 Werst entlegen. Die vielen alten Grabhügel (Mohilen) verleihen dem Lande sozusagen eine warzige Gestalt. Die Oberfläche ist fast überall schwarze Erde, stellenweise etwas salpeterhaltig, mit einer Unterlage von Kies und Bruchstein, welche über einen Faden tief liegt und stellenweise zum Vorschein kommt. Obwohl die Erträglichkeit des Landes derjenigen an der Molotschna nicht gleichkommt, so gedeihen doch auch hier Bäume, Getreide und Futterkräuter. Heftige Stürme zerstören oft strichweise die Kornfelder.

Anfänglich wurde dieser Kolonie der Name Pschuchowka nach dem früheren Wohnorte der Ansiedler in Preußen gegeben. Da aber dieser Name als ein polnischer von der Obrigkeit nicht bestätigt wurde, so brachte Ohm Benjamin Ratzlaff, gegenwärtig Aeltester der Gemeinde zu Rudnerweide, der auch einer von den Gründern dieser Kolonie ist, den ihm aus Preußen her bekannten Namen Franztal in Vorschlag, welchem gleich alle beistimmten.

Die ersten 15 Familien dieser Kolonien bildeten bei ihrer Einwanderung eine Partie, hatten jedoch keinen Anführer. Von den beigezogenen aber sind einige mit der großen Partie, deren Anführer der nunmehr längst verewigte Älteste Ohm Franz Görz war, einige sind auch in kleinen Partien ohne Anführer in's Land gekommen.

18 unbemittelte Familien haben auf ihre Bitte einen Kronsvorschuß von 10,721 Rbl. Banko erhalten. Die übrigen hatten eigenes Vermögen, welches sich insgesamt auf 15,260 Rbl. Banko belaufen haben mag.

Wegen der späten Aussaat erntete man im ersten Jahr nur ein wenig Hirse. Die folgenden zwei Sommer brachten nur 3 bis 4fältige Ernten bei hohen Getreidepreisen. 1 Tscht. Roggen kostete 20, Weizen 24 Rub. Banko. In den drei folgenden Jahren vernichteten die Heuschrecken gesegnete Ernten. Der harte Winter 1825 und das Jahr 1833 mit seiner Hungersnot und Viehseuche sind noch frisch im Gedächtnis der Ansiedler. Infolge des Erdbebens am 11. Januar 1838 um halb 10 Uhr abends ist das Wasser in den Brunnen um ein Bedeutendes höher gestiegen. 1838 ist die Vierfelderwirtschaft und Schwarzbrache eingeführt
worden. 1845 gab es kein Heu und an Getreide nur die Aussaat. 1846 und 1847 waren gesegnete Ernten, allein am 17. Juni des letzten Jahres vernichtete ein Hagelwetter die ganze Ernte. Der Sturm vom 15. Dezember 1847 bis 16. Januar 1848 hat viele Häuser zum Einstürzen gebracht, wodurch die betreffenden Familien in große Not kamen.

Franztal, den 26. April 1848.
Schulz Johann Flemming.
Beisitzer: Heinrich Ediger, Andreas Becker
Schullehrer Kornelius Siemens


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